This time of year is “back to school” for millions of college and university students all over the world. For beginning students especially – freshmen as they’re called in the US – one of the most daunting challenges, regardless of what course they are taking, will be the expectation that they be able to write at a high level.

The University of Maryland’s Professor Linda Coleman, former director of the Freshman Writing Program at the University, offers some very handy writing tips to enable any student to turn out top-notch term papers, essays and assignments. Here are some of them:

1. Read the assignment sheet carefully and follow instructions. You’d be surprised how often students make mistakes because they think they remember what was on the assignment sheet. Read any additional material your teacher gives you.

2. Break the task into segments and assign a “date for completion” to each segment. For a paper, this is likely to include topic selection, initial planning, initial research (if research is required), follow-up research, multiple drafts and a final proofreading. Put these in your personal organizer. (If you don’t have one, get one.)

• • Allow time for major editing and revision, including at least a couple of drafts, before the final draft. (You will almost never hand in a first draft.)

• Allow time for a final proofreading before the paper is handed in. A surprising number of papers lose points because of sloppy final proofreading.

3. Hope for the best but plan for the worst.

• • Save your work often, and save it to more than one location: not just your hard drive, but also a CD, zip disk, flash drive, external drive, etc.

• • From time to time, email your work to yourself. That way, if your computer crashes, you’ll have a copy of a recent draft available in cyberspace.

• Don’t expect to print your paper the day it’s due. Make sure you have a back-up plan in case your printer doesn’t work, and leave yourself plenty of time to put it into action.

4. Invest in a good handbook. Many teachers in writing classes assign handbooks as required texts. If your teacher doesn’t, find one or ask your teacher for a recommendation. Handbooks will help you write every paper you are assigned in college. They include information on how to remedy a host of common writing problems, suggestions for gathering and organizing materials for research papers, and very importantly information about how to avoid plagiarism (a serious offense in the academic community).

5. Whenever you sit down to work on a paper, take a few minutes to look at the comments your teacher made on your previous work. Few things are less fun than revisiting work you’ve already done, but those comments are designed to help you improve your work on the next paper. List two or three things you want to do better in the paper you are working on now and check the list frequently.

6. Write to your audience, not to yourself. Whether you have a constructed audience or are writing a paper for the teacher, adjust your writing style and content to your reader(s), taking into account what they already know and believe and what you want them to conclude from your paper.

7. Try these techniques for editing and revision:

• • For the rhetorical effect of the paper: when you’ve finished a draft, list the three or four most significant things you wanted to get across. Then re-read the paper and decide whether you in fact did get those points across.

• • For paragraph coherence: try reading each paragraph by itself, starting from the end of the paper. In the margin beside each paragraph, write in one sentence what the paragraph is about. (If you start to run out of space, you probably have an incoherent paragraph.) Check to see whether your topic sentence matches what you have written in the margin. Possibly, what you’ve written in the margin would make a better topic sentence.

• • For detail: read your paper, or sections of it, aloud. Reading aloud helps you catch errors or gaps that silent reading often lets you slide over.

8. Revise, revise, revise. And then do a final proofreading to make sure everything is perfect.

Now it’s up to you! Happy writing, and look forward to the great grades you richly deserve!